Zeus And Odin :: essays research papers

Zeus and Odin Zeus is the ruler of the Greek gods. He is the countersign of Cronosand Rhea, in fact the only son of these two to survive to adulthood. Zeus hadbeen hidden by Rhea so that Cronos would not swallow him like he had all ofhis other offspring he had been warned that one of his children wouldeventually overthrow him. Rhea sent Zeus to the island of Crete where he wasraised. Zeus eventually killed his father. After he killed Cronos, he restored lifeto his brothers and sisters. He accordingly drew lots with his brothers Poseidon andHades to see who would become ruler of the various parts of the universe.Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods. He is skipper ofthe sky, the rain god. His weapon is a thunderbolt, made for him by theCyclopes under the direction of Hephaestus, which he hurls at those whodisplease him. He married a while of spouses with whom he had manychildren including Athena, The Fates, Ares, Apollo, Artemis, and Hermes.His last, and most well-known wife is Hera but he is famous for his manyaffairs. Odin is the leader of the Norse gods and has a myriad of namesincluding Allfather, Ygg, Bolverk (evil doer), and Grimnir. He also has manyfunctions within the myths including being a god of war, poetry, wisdom, anddeath. However, he is not considered the "main" god of each of thesefunctions. Odins symbol is his magical spear named Grungir which neermisses its mark. He also owns a magic ring called Draupnir which can createnine of itself e actually night. It was this ring that Odin laid on his son opensfuneral pyre and which Balder returned to Odin from the underworld. Odinalso has two wolves, Geri and Freki, and two ravens, Hugin (thought) andMunin (memory). He sends his ravens out every day to gather knowledge forhim. Odin was destined to die at Ragnarok Fenris-Wolf swallowed him.Knowing his fate, he gloss over chose to embrace it and do battle, showing the truewarrior ethic. He is the god of warriors and kin gs, not the common man.Among his children areThor, Hermod, and Balder. He is married to Frigg, thegoddess of marriage. The first obvious similarity betwixt Zeus and Odin is intheir appearance. Both are very large men, but they are not depicted as fatmen. Both look very powerful and foreboding. They also are both shown ashaving beards. A beard represents manliness, in a very basic way as facial vibrissa

Organising tour for Signed Act :: essays research papers

In order to organise a tour for a signed act, it takes the efforts of solicitude, the record company, agent and promoter. Although each bear their individual responsibilities and ways of running(a) it is required of them to work together as a team in order to make a tour possible, or even for just unmatched gig. They each contribute an essential part of the process and organisational strategies and without co-operation of each unit organising a tour would be practically impossible. Disagreements could cause much of an inconvenience and the harmony industry being so large with so many people disagreements are not uncommon as everyone has their own opinion. Compromise is perhaps the further key, therefore working with open minded people makes it much easier. Often the job descriptions of each unit intersect and are hard to define, which can sometimes be helpful as different people can do the same job from different angles, however it can also get mistake and cause problems ofte n being the result of communicational breakdowns. In this essay we shall study what each unit does and how they work together looking at the advantages and disadvantages of received aspects and perhaps discuss ways in which the system could be improved.ManagementThe management company works with the artist more so than anyone else. They play a dominant role in their interaction with people in the music industry (agents, promoters, record labels). Their own interaction with the artist is direct and they often have a freindly family with the artist. I spoke to an unsigned rock band with a management contract to find out exactly what they do for them. Their management company were an established music company who create music for adverts and therefore have knowledge and contacts within the industry. They provide the band with financial backing for equipment, record sessions and any other finances to support the band. They also act as an agent for the band and book gigs by contacting promoters and promoters also often contact them. Their relationship with the band is very friendly and are on terms were they both work for each other. Their management push and motivate the band to work as hard as they can to improve their material and perhaps influence it to be what a record company might want to hear. They are normally responsible for any exposure the band receive, for example interviews, airtime, music journals etc.

Sight And Blindess Of Oedipus The King Essay -- Sophocles Oedipus

Oedipus the King by Sophocles was a play written after a annihilating plague struck the city of Athens in 430 B.C. The play is about how knowledge can lead to devastation and destruction based on how the characters baring out the truth of the Delphic Oracle. Years before Oedipus became the king of Thebes, the previous king, Laius, had received a prophecy that his son would grow up to kill his father. With this discipline he gave his baby son to a sheperd to dispose of him. Years later Laius is murdered and the Sphinx emerges and locks down the city by refusing to let anybody enter or get around the city unless they can solve her riddle. The city is essentially under siege. But nobody knows the answer to her riddle. What goes on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and trinity at night? Everybody who tries to answer the riddle is killed by the Sphinx until one day a stranger acclaims upon the city. The Sphinx asks him the riddle and he simply replies, Man. The stranger solve s the riddle and the Sphinx throws herself to her death. The city opens up to him, he marries the widowed queen, becomes king of Thebes, and unwillingly begins to fulfill most of the prophecy.What is the meaning of sight and blindness for an understanding of Oedipus the King?But the reason Oedipus, who is the prince of Corinth, has come to Thebes, is to escape an oracle of his own. Before coming to Thebes he went to seek the Delphic Oracle to ask if Polybus and Merope were his natural parents. The Delphic Oracle repliedYou are fated to bracing with your mother, you will bringa breed of children into the light that no man can bear to see you will kill your father, the one who gave you lifeWith that information, Oedipus fled Corinth to convey away ... ...im. Oedipus just continually wanted to have more knowledge and asks more questions to gain wisdom and it eventually becomes his downfall. Knowing the future may smash a man and it ruins the lives of two men in this tier. Oed ipus was blind to see the truth he was also blinded by the prophecies. He ran away from home, killed his father, hook up with his mother and has children with her. But Oedipus play does not end with these lyrics he gradually gains a new strength and new understanding (Segal 133). And the true meaning of this story is, ignorance is bliss.Works CitedKnox, Bernard M.W. Oedipus at Thebes. New Haven Yale UP. 1957. Rpt. In Oedipus Tyranmus. Ed. Lucy Berkowizs and Thedore F. Brunner. New York Norton, 1970. 148-165Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyranmus Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. 2nd. Ed. New Yourk Oxford UP, 2001.

The Death Penalty is Cruel and Unusual Punishment Essay -- essays rese

We kill nation to show them killing is wrong. The death punishment does non punish people for killing but for murdering someone. Murder is the unlawful, malicious, or permitted killing of one human being by another (Carmical 1). The slogan should be ?We coiffure people to show people that murder is wrong.? The death penalization is racist, it punishes the poor, it causes the costless to die, it is not a deterrent against violent crime, and it is cruel and unusual punishment. The death penalty is wrong and it should be extinguished.The death penalty ?cruel and unusual punishment.? At one time in history around six hundred people were executed, and in those six-hundred eighty of them were innocent but still executed (Thomas 2). Many people say that the death penalty is lawful. They think that if the punishment is carried out by the government and not by one person it is fine, and it is not cruel and unusual punishment (Carmical 2). Yes, the men who constructed the co nstitution supported the death penalty, but multiplication have changed and so has the constitution. The constitution should abolish the death penalty (Carmical 5).Many states in America have already abolished the death penalty, including Michigan. If the U.S wants to abolish the death penalty all together we would just need to take it step by step and then it would be easy. It would be easy because studies show that 68% of the sentences truly don?t happen We only need to worry about the other 32 % (Dieter Speech 5). And 82% of the Cases end up in flavour sentences in jail. The goal is to end all cases, for murdering someone, to life sentences.A couple amendments have to do with the death penalty. These two would be the 5th and 8th amendments. double over jeopardy... ...). The time the murderer stays in the cell is extreme isolation between sentencing and execution. The murderer stays in the cell for twenty-three hours (Wolf 47). That?s not enough time to breathe. The murderers are mistreated on the death row and that is why the death row should be abolished all together.The death penalty is racist, it punishes the poor, it causes the innocent to die, it is not a deterrent against violent crime, and it is cruel and unusual punishment. More than half of the countries in the world have already abolished the death penalty and the U.S should abolish it too. It is wrong and cruel. Some states in the U.S still hold the death penalty because they think it will keep U.S citizens safe, but we can just keep the murders in a separate patrolled jail. Abolish it and we may save the lives of the people that may have been executed innocent.

The Ontology of Many-Worlds: Modality and Time Essays -- Compare Contr

The Ontology of Many-Worlds Modality and fourth dimensionABSTRACT There are two types of theories regarding many worlds one is modal, maculation the other is temporal. The fountain regards globe as consisting of many possible worlds, while the last mentioned holds that reality consists of many momentary worlds, which are usually called moments. I compare these two theories, salaried close attention to the concept of transworld identity and compare trans-possible world identity with trans-momentary world identity (or transmoment identity). I characterize time from the point of many-worlds view, believing this to be one of the best ways of grasping the reality of time. First, I show that there is reason to adopt the many-worlds view because transworld identity is meaningful for both of them, while it is non for space. Second, I argue that transmoment identity is different from transpossible world identity concerning reality. The former is a realistic relation, while the latter is not. Thus, I find that the reality of time is in the relation of transmoment identity. Such a view, I contend, has merit on the basis that it recognizes the reality of time in a sense that is not true of space. IntroductionThere are two kinds of theories of many-worlds the one is modal and the other temporal. The former regards the reality as consisting of many possible worlds, while the latter as consisting of many momentary worlds, which usually are called moments. (1)In this paper I make a comparison between modal and temporal theories of many-worlds, curiously paying attention to the concept of transworld identity and so making a comparison between trans-possible-world identity and trans-momentary-world identity (or trans-moment identity abbreviately). (2... ... for the present argument.(5) Kaplans theory of prepare reference does not necessarily presuppose the ontology of many-worlds. So my critcism is not directed for his theory itself but for its application to the ontolo gical explanation of trans-moment identity.(6) This sentence is a tenuous modification of the example which Kaplan himself used. (Kaplan, D., 1989, p. 577, n.21)References(Kaplan, D., 1977) Demonseratives, in Themes from Kaplan, Almog, J. etc. ed., Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.481-563.(Kaplan, D., 1989) Afterthoughts, in Themes from Kaplan,pp.565-614.(Kripke, S.,1980) Naming and Necessity (2nd ed.), Basil Blackwell. (Lewis, D., 1986) On the Plurality of Worlds, Basil Blackwell.(McCall, S., 1994) A Model of the Universe, Oxford University Press.(McTaggart, J., 1908) The Unreality of Time, Mind 18, pp.457-484.

The Ontology of Many-Worlds: Modality and Time Essays -- Compare Contr

The Ontology of Many-Worlds Modality and TimeABSTRACT There are two types of theories regarding many an(prenominal) worlds whizz is modal, while the other is temporal. The former regards reality as consisting of many possible worlds, while the latter(prenominal) holds that reality consists of many momentary worlds, which are usually called moments. I compare these two theories, paying close attention to the concept of transworld individualism and compare trans-possible world individuation with trans-momentary world identity (or transmoment identity). I characterize eon from the point of many-worlds view, believing this to be one of the best ways of grasping the reality of time. First, I show that there is reason to adopt the many-worlds view because transworld identity is meaningful for both of them, while it is not for space. Second, I argue that transmoment identity is different from transpossible world identity concerning reality. The former is a realistic relation, while the latter is not. Thus, I find that the reality of time is in the relation of transmoment identity. Such a view, I contend, has merit on the basis that it recognizes the reality of time in a sense that is not true of space. IntroductionThere are two kinds of theories of many-worlds the one is modal and the other temporal. The former regards the reality as consisting of many possible worlds, while the latter as consisting of many momentary worlds, which usually are called moments. (1)In this paper I make a comparison betwixt modal and temporal theories of many-worlds, especially paying attention to the concept of transworld identity and so making a comparison between trans-possible-world identity and trans-momentary-world identity (or trans-moment identity abbreviately). (2... ... for the present argument.(5) Kaplans theory of direct reference does not necessarily presuppose the ontology of many-worlds. So my critcism is not directed for his theory itself but for its application to t he ontological exposition of trans-moment identity.(6) This sentence is a slight modification of the example which Kaplan himself used. (Kaplan, D., 1989, p. 577, n.21)References(Kaplan, D., 1977) Demonseratives, in Themes from Kaplan, Almog, J. etc. ed., Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.481-563.(Kaplan, D., 1989) Afterthoughts, in Themes from Kaplan,pp.565-614.(Kripke, S.,1980) Naming and Necessity (2nd ed.), Basil Blackwell. (Lewis, D., 1986) On the Plurality of Worlds, Basil Blackwell.(McCall, S., 1994) A Model of the Universe, Oxford University Press.(McTaggart, J., 1908) The Unreality of Time, Mind 18, pp.457-484.

Jamaican Creole vs Standard English Essay

As we can see, this is non the situation in Jamaican Creole. Case is always demonstrated by position. Any pronoun before the verb is the subject, and after the verb it is any the direct or indirect object. Other features to note are the lack of gender and absence of nominative and accusative case underframes. Also lacking in Jamaican Creole are possessive pronouns deal my, your, his, her, its, our, their. To demonstrate possession, Jamaican Creole either has the simple pronoun directly in front of a noun, (for shell my book would be mi buk), or adds the prefix fi-, (as in fi-mi buk also meaning my book). Plural Marking Plural tell oning in standard English is a hodgepodge of unlike forms borrowed and assimilated from many languages. The pilot burner Old English way of making plurals was either the addition of -n or -en or the ever-changing of the vowel sound, as it is for Modern German. Those jobal Old English plural markers survive in a few Modern English words.For example youngster/children, man/men, ox/oxen, foot/feet. The Norman French way of making plurals was to add an -s, -es or an -x. Only the first two forms were borrowed into English at first, producing forms like hand/hands, eye/eyes, bus/buses. Recently the -x ending had been borrowed for words like bureau/bureaux, adieu/adieux, chateau/chateaux, but it is pronounced as if the x were an s. During the renaissance, Classical Latin and Classical Greek became fashionable, and although being extinct languages, they added a great deal both to the grammar and vocabulary of the English language, particularly in the fields of science and invention. Plurals produced at this period of time include datum/data, octopus/octopi, medium/media, index/indices, helix/helices, matrix/matrices.These plural forms cause themost confusion not unless to foreign speakers but also to a lot of people who speak English as their first language. Plural marking in Jamaican Creole is much more logical and easier to learn . In fact Jamaican Creole be fork outs like Japanese for the most part in that it does not generally mark the plural of nouns. To indicate plurality, animate nouns (and sometimes other nouns to be stressed) are followed by the suffix -dem. This produces structures such as di uman-dem or di pikni-dem meaning the women and the children respectively. Tracing root of Jamaican CreoleThe unique vocabulary and grammar of Jamaican Creole did not just simply spring up as an easy way for plantation slaves from different tribes to talk to one another. Many words, phrases, and structures have an interesting etymology. (Etymology is a linguistic term for the history of the development of a word). In Middle English, there was a distinction between singular thou, and plural you.This distinction has been almost all told erased apart from in some North Yorkshire dialects where the singular form tha is salvage used. E.g. thas nice means you are nice. In some English dialects an attempt has even bee n made to replace the missing pronoun. In Confederate States of America yall is used in Scouser (a dialect imbed in Liverpool) youse or is used and a common form in capital of the United Kingdom is you-lot. In Jamaican Creole, the pronoun oonu is found and this is similar to the form it has in modern Igbo (spoken in Nigeria) which was the most likely donor language. Forms of the pronoun (such as uno, unu, unoo) can be found in widely scattered parts of Africa in the Nubian and Nilotic language families and even as far as the Negrito languages of Malaysia. The word seh as in im tel mi seh (he told me that) has similar origins. Wow Another interesting word commonly used is pikni, meaning child.The word was borrowed originally form Portuguese picaninni. Prior to British dominance, it was used by Portuguese masters to refer to black slaves, who picked up the word and began using it to refer to their own children. In Jamaica today, despite its innocent original meaning (child), it has acquired a pejorative connotation because of its history in Jamaica. Two more interesting words that have spread across the English communicate world, but have their origins in Jamaica, are buddy and cuss. These was a mispronunciations of brother and curse respectively. The first recorded use of buddy was in 17 whereas the word cuss is a word that has entered our vocabulary only since thelate 1940s.The difference in age of these terms shows how much influence Jamaican Creole has on the English speaking world, The word buddy is even found in the Oxford English Dictionary and cuss is used so much among the young generation in particular, that it is only a matter of time before it too is added to the OED. in view of the popularity of fashionable culture and music forms that have their origin in Jamaica Jamaican Creole is likely to continue to have considerable influence of English as a global language, but should it be classed as a dialect of English or should it have official recogn ition as a language in its own right? Language Standardisation. at that place are more salient differences between Jamaican Creole and English than there are between Swedish and Norwegian, yet the latter are classed as two separate distinct languages. Swedish and Norwegian people have almost no difficulty understanding one another, whereas some Englishmen will not have a clue what a Jamaican is saying. Similar cases are Czech and Slovakian, and Punjabi and Urdu, of which the spoken form is the same but only the written form is different. Many people who have stated that saying mi de a di paak as opposed to I am in the park, sounds childish, are completely ignorant of the fact that mi/me is a common indigenous Niger-Kongo form of the first person pronoun. I would have been easy for early Jamaicans learning this contradictory alian language, to continue using mi in that position rather than switching to I. Also the English at that time didnt exactly have schools and colleges to teach blacks the proper way of forming the first person singular nominative pronoun.

Case Study on Motivating Partners at Starbucks

TABLE OF CONTENT CASE STUDY ON MOTIVATING PARTNERS AT STARBUCKS2 Question 1 Given Starbucks training approach, benefits, package, perish/ deportment program, and partner relations mechanisms, what insights have you gained roughly its approach to employee want? Explain your answer. 2 launch2 Motivation2 forethought- Probability (E to P)4 orchestration- Probability (P to O)4 Valence- V(R)5 Conclusions6 Question 2 What needs does Starbucks bring up to through its training approach, benefits package, work/life program and partner relations mechanisms? 7 Employees inner satisfaction. 7 Equal compensatement8 Listen to employees8Question 3 What is of the essence(p) to you in terms of your personal work motivation? How does that which motivates you fit with Starbucks approach to motivating partners? 10 CASE STUDY ON MOTIVATING PARTNERS AT STARBUCKS Question 1 Given Starbucks training approach, benefits, package, work/life program, and partner relations mechanisms, what insights ha ve you gained about its approach to employee motivation? Explain your answer. Introduction Starbucks Corporation, the most famous chain of retail coffee shops in the world, mainly benefits from roasting, selling special coffee beans and various kinds of coffee or tea drinks.It owns about 4000 branches in the whole world. The reasons of why Starbucks is worldwide popular be not only the quality of coffee, unless likewise its customer service and cosy environment. Besides, it is also famous for its satisfaction of employees. The turn over rate of employees at Starbucks was 65% and the rate of managers was 25% a year However, the rates of other national chain retailers are 150% to 400% and 50% respectively. Compared with them, the turnover rate of Starbucks is much lower than other industries on averagely.As a result, Starbucks would be virtuoso of the optimal lineage models for the strategies of employee motivation, customer satisfaction and cooperation of teamwork. Motivation Mot ivation refers to forces in spite of appearance an individual that account for the direct, direction and persistence of effort expended at work1. People have basic needs much(prenominal) as food, secure or achievement, that translate into an internal tension that motivates specific behaviours with which to fulfil the need. If the behavior racetracks to champions success, the person result fall in the assert of satisfaction or we can call it reward2.Rewards are two types intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic rewards refer to satisfaction occurs in the process of performing an action. such(prenominal) as a salesperson that sold encyclopaedias for intrinsic reward of helping children read well. Extrinsic refers to a reward given by another person such as promotion and bonuses. The understand that I had on Starbucks approach to its employee motivation is best by explaining the case based on the vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation is based on an idea that work effort is directed t oward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes.The Expectancy Theory of Motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over another. It also explains how they make decisions to achieve the end they grade. Vroom introduces three variables within the expectancy theory which are valence (V), expectancy (E) and instrumentality (I). The three elements are important behind choosing one element over another because they are clearly defined effort-performance expectancy (E to P expectancy), performance-outcome expectancy (P to O expectancy).Three components of Expectancy theory Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence. 1. Expectancy Effort Performance (EP) 2. Instrumentality Performance Outcome (PO) 3. Valence V(R) Expectancy- Probability (E to P) Expectancy is the belief that ones effort (E) will result in attainment of desired performance (P) remainders. Factors associated with the individuals Expectancy intuition are se lf efficacy, goal difficulty, and interpret. Self efficacy is the persons belief about their ability to successfully perform a particular behavior. tendency difficulty happens when goals are set too high or performance expectations that are made too difficult are most likely to lead to low expectancyperceptions. Control is ones perceived control over performance. In order for expectancy to be high, individuals must believe that they have some stop of control over the expected outcome. Starbucks had matched employees to the jobs based on their abilities and clear communicating the tasks requires for the job is an important part of this process. This process took place within the 25 hours of schoolroom training.Instrumentality- Probability (P to O) Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met. This reward may come in the form of a pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. In Starbucks, they offer vari ous types of benefits package includes full medical examination and dental insurance coverage, deterioration and life insurance, vacation days, a retirement saving plan with match company contributions, discounted stock purchase plans and stock options as part of Starbucks bonce STOCK Program.Instrumentality is low when the reward is given for all performances given. Factors associated with the individuals valence for outcomes are trust, control and policies. If individuals trust their superiors, they are more likely to believe their leaders promises. When there is a lack of trust on leadership, people often attempt to control the reward system. When individuals believe they have some kind of control over how, when, and why rewards are distributed, Instrumentality tends to increase.Formalized written policies impact the individuals instrumentality perceptions. Instrumentality is increased when formalized policies associates rewards to performance. Valence- V(R) Valence the value the individual places on the rewards based on their needs, goals, values and Sources of Motivation. Factors associated with the individuals valence for outcomes are values, needs, goals, preferences and Sources of Motivation Strength of an individuals preference for a particular outcome. Motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valenceManagers should make each factor positive in order to ensure high levels of motivation. Conclusions Referring to this case study, the brisk Baristas carefully selected and will receive 25 hours classroom training before they start their job. During this training, Baristas will be trained, coached exposed to the companys goals, diversity awareness, customers, succession planning and vocation development plan. This would be the E to P Expectancy Concept. The Baristas then exposed to the companys benefits and rewards where the P to O Expectancy Concept occurs.The last one is the Valences outcomes. Starbucks distribute rewards that employees value. Th is action can increase the expected value of outcomes resulting from desire performance. Expectancy Theory of Motivation remains ones of the give out theories for predicting work effort and motivation, and with one limitation that is, the theory had ignore the role of emotion in employee effort and behavior. Question 2 What needs does Starbucks appeal to through its training approach, benefits package, work/life program and partner relations mechanisms?From my analysis earlier, Starbucks training approach, benefits package, work/life program and partner mechanism had fall into needs theory of Expectancy Theory. As I have stated earlier that this theory had ignore the emotional factor. As this theory seems using some kind of mathematical method on measuring the level of motivation, the emotional entity was so abstract and difficult to measure. What most important is the positive impact or the outcome occurs. I wanted to think that there were several soft impacts happened in Starbu cks as the consequences of the implementation of Expectancy Theory.Employees inner satisfaction. A pervious researcher, Pugh & Hickson cited Elton Mayo made an investigation called Hawthorne Experiment. harmonize to the results, if managers departd a suitable functional environment considering each personal requirement and their sense of satisfaction rather than a higher salary or bonus, workers were further to be more hard-working and efficient. He also verified that if managers of an organization do not consider about individual works needs and wants, then treat them as equal units would maximize payment and minimize effort.As a result, how to use non-financial incentives would be an important issue for nowadays business. The chief decision maker officer of Starbucks Corporation, Howard Schultz, considers that the tip of success in Starbucks is not coffee but employees. Constantly accumulating the working experience of employees and providing chances of promotion in a company for working partners is the way to operate sustainability. He firmly believes that the spirit of Starbucks is employees and feels honoured about the value of Starbucks employees.For this reason, it is necessary to have a perfect education and training policy for better performance in a company. Starbucks offers an interactive structure that makes personnel instil themselves into their job hence they can motivate partners to satisfy themselves then achieving a new level of performance. Equal treatment The managers in Starbucks treat each workpeople equally and all of the staffs are called partners, even the supervisors of each branch are called it as well. In order to narrow the gap amid managers and employees, they also co-work with the basic level staffs in the front line.Due to this, they can maintain a well focusing system and create a much closer and more familiar atmosphere than other place, which makes not only employees can enjoy their job but also customers are affected by their enthusiasm. Listen to employees Starbucks has a well-organized communication channel for employees. It places a great importance on labours. For example, managers plan the working hours per workers and assign the schedule of time off, according to their wants to meet their requirements. at that place are interviews weekly to see what employees need is.A special survey called Partner View analyze is taken off approximate all two years. The managers can receive feedbacks through the event to which part should be improved or what issue should be paid more attention to. The partners have the right to figure out what is the best policy for them, and the directors show a respect for each suggestion. Starbucks even wants every employee to join in making and developing plans, then achieving their goals all together. As a result, the policies and principles are communicated between all staffs, and there is no limitation in employees personal opinions.For this reason, business coul d improve their strategies even innovate by antithetical ideas. Question 3 What is important to you in terms of your personal work motivation? How does that which motivates you fit with Starbucks approach to motivating partners? My important personal work motivation would be the physiological, safety and social motivation. If one organizational can provide this, I would say that I will be there for a period of time. There would be importantleadership implications toenhance workplace motivation.There arestaff motivation opportunitiesby motivating each employee through their modality of management, compensation plans, role definition, and company activities. Physiological motivation can be imposed by company by provide ample breaks for lunch andrecuperation and paysalaries that allow workers tobuy lifes essentials. In government sector (where I work for), offers physiological needs, safety needs and also social motivation. Based on my individual view, managers within this sector may become varies in style of leaderships. This happened due to different background of race, culture and political views.If the managers fail to be fair or fail to perform, dissatisfaction among workers may occur. In government sector, most of the organizations within tend to be people orientation than result orientated. This similar to the environment in Starbucks, its employees, including informal personnel, are offered a great deal of welfare policies, for instance, commodities discounts for employees, medical insurance (including health, vision and dental) and vacations. Moreover, the partners who work over 20 hours a week are entitled for benefits. This related to safety needs.Social needs can be generate a feeling of acceptance, belonging, and community by reinforcing team dynamics. Howard Schultz and other Starbucks senior executives worked to instill some key values and guiding principles into the Starbucks culture. The keystone value in the effort to build a company with soul was that the company would never stop pursuing the perfect cup of coffee. Because of this, they have the same goal in other words, they are motivated to increase the sales to earn more profits. Starbucks just handles personnel with its core value, which is the employees are the most important summation of Starbucks.Showing a respect to employees and well-developed environment have lead Starbucks to produce the best working quality for customers and an increase in profits. Starbucks establishes a well-developed system to financial backing good relationship between managers and employees. At first, the leaders of a retail shops use the same title partner as a basic level worker to narrow the gap of bureaucracy. Furthermore, they co-work in the first line to eliminate the distance between different statuses. Secondly, the numbers of employees are usually from three to six.Such a small size of a retail shop makes staffs acquaint with each other easily and deeply. In the co-working pe riod, this helps a team to match different personalities and majors quickly to achieve well performance. Next, the suggestions and complaints provided by employees are treated of equal importance. In the same way, they have a right to participate in the process of revising company policies as well as a manager. In that case, each staff thinks that they also play an important role in company operating, and they can join to work out a direction of Starbucks.These give employees not only a respect, but a sense of participation. Yet, this Starbucks approach was hardly to be found in government sector. In public sector, they tend to uphold the hierarchy line. There were obvious gap between managers and subordinates. Furthermore, the organizations normally contain numbers of staffs. 1 Schermerhorn,Hunt,Osborn and Uhl-Bien Organizational Behavior 11th edition John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd. 2011 2 Richard L. Daft Management The Dryden Press 1997

Research Methods in Psychology Essay

The purpose of the sections of a research article should start with a title, author, and contact information. The Abstract is next this is a summary of the article. The summary provides an general idea of the article, which is athletic supporterful to establish if the article is signifi stinkpott to the readers investigation. An abstract will usually follow a regular format like APA or something that is similar. The author or authors in brief state why the research article is signifi freightert, the methodological analysis, results, and concluding proclamation regarding the results.The Introduction would be how the authors explain the underlying dogma for the study by illustrating what research has been completed in the past. A literature review supplies the reader with a outline of other research associated with the article topic, along with addressing questions that ar unanswered or investigative need more research. Many questions are also introduced within the introduction, an d hypotheses results are declared. Next are the Methods or methodology section. In this section the author or authors summarize how the research was performed.For example, sample, size, and a description of participants. This section will also show how participants were chosen for the study, what was measured and how, along with an explanation of how the data was evaluated. The next section consists of the results. The author or authors will show the research results along with any statistical analyses. Example can be tables, charts, and figures, along with a printed clarification. The Discussion section is the author or authors explanation and understanding of the results in addition to an explanation of unforeseen results. in the long run the conclusion and summary in many if not all articles will explain what the author or authors found and connect it back to the existing literature. Authors can recommend directions for strength research in the conclusion along with referencing back. The references is the last section of an article an lists the publications the authors restrain cited wthin the research article. References can help the reader amateur the validity of the article and can learn more regarding the research topic (Cozby, 2009). What are the steps to critically evaluate research articles and how does the scientific method help you to do this?To critically evaluate research articles the research in the article must be clear in informing the reader of its aims. Terms should be clearly defined, even more so if theyre new or used in specific non-spread ways. You as a reader should pay grumpy attention should to errors in logic, especially those regarding causation, relationship or association. A background in research methods will help to read these reports critically, evaluate the methods employed, and decide whether the conclusions are reasonable (Cozby, 2009, p. 2). What is the importance of research in appearanceal sciences?Today and in the pa st psychologists and many other professionals use observation to calculate human behavior to better understand psychological and biological processes, motivations, and individual personality traits. Human behavior may be understood through applied and academic science. apply the scientific method is necessary for statistical psychology. According to our text, the importance of research in behavioral science can be the description of the behavior, the prediction of behavior, find causes of behavior, and understanding or explanation of behavior (Cozby, 2009, p. ).What is the relationship between applied research and basic research? Provide an example, from your selected studies, of how each contributes to the body of knowledge. Psychology became an literal science around the late 19th century, because of the interest of human behavior. Basic research attempts to answer essential inquires regarding the who what were when and why of behaviors. phenomena such as cognition, emotion, mo tivation, learning, psychobiology, personality development, and companionable behavior (Cozby, 2009, p. 0). An example article regarding a basic research article can be Artifactual seven-day cycles in spontaneous activity in raving mad rodents and squirrel monkeys (Richter, 1976).This article determines the basic processes of activity in behavior and cognition of the mammals within the article. With applied research, this research is conducted to address loves in which there are practical problems and potential solutions(Cozby, 2009, p. 10). Applied research is any kinds of fact assembly assignment or ob that is performed with observing and applying the information found and will concentrate on a specific issue. Applied research can sometimes be simple and sometimes can be complex.An example of an applied research article can be as follows Making things happen through challenging goals Leader proactively, trust, and business-unit performance. This is considered an applied researc h article because it is focused on a specific issue or analogy which is proactive senior managers establish more challenging goals for their business (Crossley, Cooper, & Wernsing, 2013, p. ). What ethical issues can you identify in the selected articles? How were the issues addressed or unheeded? Both articles above did not have any ethical issues. Both did not harm anyone or any animals. Both articles above did not lead on anyone or any animal. Both had legal authority approval. However, as voluntariness, subjects within the wild rodent article could not volunteer because they do not have that option. The participants in the Making things happen through challenging goals article did have the volunteer option.Both articles did not comprise of plagiarism or misleading authorship. every data provided correct and up to date references and proper publication this was provided at the end. Example of puplication This publication is protected by US and international copyright laws and its depicted object may not be copied without the copyright holders express written permission except for the print or download capabilities of the retrieval software used for access.This content is intended solely for the use of the individual user. Source Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol. 98 (3) US American Psychological Association pp. 540-549. Accession Number 2013-03482-001 digital Object Identifier 10. 1037/a0031807 (Crossley, Cooper, & Wernsing, 2013). Identify three possible research topics that you might want to explore further as you go through this course.

Christine de Pizan reflect traditional

Pizan explains that a noble lady controls her heart, behaves respectfully and softly, and displays a kind, patrician demeanor to all (Pizan 19). As a princess, Pizan argues that a noble lady should listen patiently and attentively to her ubjects as well as listen to advice from the wise to(p) gentleman counselors (Pizan 21).It is these behavioral qualities which tie into the tralatitiously accepted cultural norms for women. The i fill in woman, the perfect princess, is an honorable lady who is in control of herself constantly. She is dignified and wise with the armed service of good advice from those advisors. Rule 12 describes how a wise princess life should be ordered. Prudence rules all, Pizan argues, and everyday begins with addressing God first (Pizan 32). There is a great deal expected of princesses and women in eneral, but society still considers men far superior.Even with a responsibility in government, a woman must still hurl herself with the highest of dignity and lis ten to the wisest of men in order to seem wise herself. Another example of prudence in a womans life is her conduct towards her economise she must love her husband and always be at peace with him (Pizan 36). She should always humble herself towards her husband and obey without complaining it is in this way that Pizan explains the traditional role of women in the household.Wives are expected, in that while, to watch carefully over their husbands, take everything in stride, and stay a noble lady by creation true and loyal to her husband (Pizan 38-39). The welfare of her children also defines what a lady should be a woman is expected to be naturally motherly and urgency her children to be honorable (Pizan 42). It is her Job, Pizan argues, to discipline and keep her children respectful (Pizan 43). Last, a womans household duties, according to Pizan, truly define the traditional women roles expected by society Pizan 129).She must always keep her husband contented, discipline her c hildren, ensure the husband and household are kept decent and clean, and be cheerful to her husband all the time (Pizan 130). The ways of the wise housewife, values of a noble lady, and prudence all define how Christine de Pizan reflects traditional roles for women in her society.

The Impact of the Current Regulatory Framework on Water Quality in Ireland

Lecturer Aisling OGorman Waste Process Management Lecturer Aisling OGorman Waste Process Management 08 declivity 08 stemma Submission Date 11/10/2012 Word Count 2387 Submission Date 11/10/2012 Word Count 2387 The Impact of the Current regulative Framework on Water Quality in Ireland m atomic number 18 McShaneThe Impact of the Current regulative Framework on Water Quality in Ireland female horse McShane Introduction Based on the evaluation of various give notice (of)s, makeups, documents, regulations and economy from numerous agencies, departments, directings and bodies it can be seen that although on cover major changes pee been made so as to improve the whole step of peeing in Ireland, realistically the amendments do not match up.This being that progress has been slow and minimal when comp ared to the reform of regulations and command and the introduction of the Water Framework Directive. Con human facering the key importance of pee as a natural resource both to soci ety and habitats alike it allow be argued that although the intention is there to improve the whole t one of water in Ireland (and there fetch been some improvements) as an everywhereall, actual major physical improvements to the water quality has yet to be seen. level Firstly the Water Framework Directive lead be examined to highlight its purpose, current status and goals for the future and how it fits into impacting Irelands water quality. The WFD was set up by the EU in response to the increasing threat of contaminant and the increasing demand from the public for cleaner rivers, lakes and beaches (The Eu Water Framework Directive. online in stock(predicate) at Accessed on 08/10/12). According to the Water Framework Directives website, their aims are to protect/enhance all waters (surface, ground and coastal waters), achieve best status for all waters by December 2015, manage water bodies based on river lavatorys (or catchments), involve the public and streamline legis lation1 (The Eu Water Framework Directive. online open at Accessed on 08/10/12).In order to achieve these goals a timetable for implementation of the directing was created, starting from its transposition into Irish enactment by the European Communities (Water Policy) Regulations 2003, (Statutory Instrument 722) on twenty-second December 2003 (European Communities (Water Policy) Regulations 2003, (Statutory Instrument 722). (The Eu Water Framework Directive. online obtainable at Accessed on 08/10/12). From the twenty-second December 2003 to the 22nd June 2009 no Programmes of Measures were actually implement in order to beneficially impact Irelands water quality by the WFD.Instead the WFD established (June 2004) and characterised (December 2004) Irelands River Basin Districts, submitted a National Summary give out on the characterisation of the RBDs to the European Commission (March 2005), developed classification systems for surface water and groundwater (June 2006), establis hed and maintained appropriate monitor Programmes (June 2006), prepared and published a work programme and timetable for the production of River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) (June 2006), identified the significant water management issues in each river john (June 2007), drafted RBMPs and allowed six months for written comment (June 2008), and finally established environmental objectives and final Programmes of Measures and developed RBMPs for implementation (June 2009), (Water Framework Directive, 2005). Although this research and subject areaing is a vital turn tail of improving Irelands water quality, the timeframe in which this has been d one(a) means that physical progress has been hindered. The actual recovery progress made to Irelands water quality can be seen in various surroundingsal Protection Agency reports. According to the EPAs Water Quality in Ireland Report of 2007-2009, between 1987 and 1990, 77. 3, 12. 0, 9. 7 and 0. % surveyed river line of credit distance wer e unpolluted, slightly polluted, moderately polluted and earnestly polluted respectively. By the 2001-2003 report the percentage of unpolluted rivers had dropped from 77. 3% to 69. 3% which is significant, in addition to this the percentage surveyed of severely polluted rivers had risen from 0. 4% to 0. 6%, slight and moderate taint had also risen by 5. 9 and 2. 6 percent respectively. By the 2007-2009 report the percentage of surveyed river that remained unpolluted had dropped again to 68. 9%, slight defilement had also risen to 20. 7%. Fortunately moderate and seriously polluted waters had seen a drop from 12. 3 and 0. 6 to 10. 0 and 0. 4 percent respectively (M. McGarrigle et al. 2009).Con locatingring that the water quality of rivers for the 2001-2003 recording period was healthier than the 2007-2009 recording period, even though the 2001-2003 period coincides with the implementation of the WFD, highlights that for a period of six years that the WFD was in effect Irelands riv er water quality declined. This corroborates to the argument that yes the WFD has carried out reports, monitoring programs and drafted plans all easily and heavy, but without any actual meaningful actions interpreted, what inviolable is the WFD at all? This is not to say that the WFD has not done anything confirmatory, for example since its introduction the percentage of wrinkle surveyed classified as seriously polluted has decreased to 0. 4 percent compared with the previous period when 0. 5 percent was seriously polluted (M. McGarrigle et al. 2009).It cannot be accentuate enough that in order to improve the quality of water in Ireland research and reporting is fundamental, however the point being made is that pencil thrust and fiddling around writing reports and documents will not recuperate Irelands water systems. Six years is a very long timeframe for an EU commissioned directive to take no feasible action other than talk nigh and plan what its going to do and then expe ct to reach its put of returning all waters to safe status by December 2015. To emphasise the case that without acting and merely focusing on the bureaucratic side of things the WFD has impeded its own progress, citings from the sulphur Western River Basin Management Plan (2009-2015) report will be looked at.It states, municipal wastewater discharge is one of the two most important sources of befoulment in Irish rivers, accounting for 38% of the number of polluted river sites recorded (the other source being clownish activities) ( in the south Western River Basin District 2010). This is not new news, this has been known for quite some time and the two top sectors responsible for the pollution of Irish rivers are municipal and market-gardening has even been quoted in the 1991-1993 EPA water quality in Ireland report. To add to this the Nitrates Directive was set up in 1991 for the protection of waters against pollution by nitrates from sylvan sources (Department of milieu, b iotic community and local anaesthetic Government, The Nitrates Directive. online gettable at http//www. nviron. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterQuality/NitratesDirective/ Accessed on 08/10/12). This directive actually implement legislation that required the avoidance of practices by farmers which create a risk of causing pollution to water courses and provide for inspections by local authorities. They also provided for alter enforcement provisions and for better farmyard management. They included provisions relating to times of the year, weather and soil conditions when the application of fertilisers is permitted, the minimum setback distances from water sources for the application of fertilisers and minimum storage cogency for manures. Department of Environment, biotic community and topical anesthetic Government, The Nitrates Directive. online Available at http//www. environ. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterQuality/NitratesDirective/ Accessed on 08/10/12). Why then is the SWRBD re porting that market-gardening is the second biggest cause of pollution to Irish rivers, number one when this has long been known and number two when measures have already been put in ordain a long time ago to address this problem? To add to this they also quoted The main objective in relation to wastewater is to meet the requirements of the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations (2001-2010) in full (South Western River Basin District 2010). Not to be crude, but are they for real?This is vulgar sense, these regulations have been in tail since 2001, and yes they would have been modified over the years but how in 2010 when this report came out can meeting these regulations still be just an objective? To highlight further the WFDs failure to have a significant dogmatic impact on the quality of Irish water a recent EPA report on the assessment of aquatic ecosystem responses to POMs intended to improve water quality in Ireland was released. According to this report, results prese nted suggest that some existing POMs have proven or are proving ineffective in raising BWQ (biological water quality) and restoring ecological forgeing (D. Taylor et al. 2012). An example of this can be seen in the strategic replacement of 10% of septic tank systems in part of the Blackwater catchment in CO. Armagh (D. Taylor et al. 2012).The report showed that overall, prior and subsequent to the replacement of the septic tank systems phosphoric loads remained largely the same. In conjunction with this result, in other parts of the Blackwater, the replacement and upgrading of septic tank systems had no significant phosphorous concentration effects, contempt the implementation of additional POMs aimed at reducing phosphorous inputs from point and diffuse sources (D. Taylor et al. 2012). The report goes on to say that some of the potential conditions why the implementation of POMs have had limited success include the delayed, incomplete or uneven application of measures (D. Tayl or et al. 2012).This only solidifies the argument that the WFD spent too much time thinking round what to do, and then what measures they did put in place, for the most part either took too long to do so or did not implement the measure right on in order to meet their 2015 deadline. Which follows now onto a report that was released in July 2010 on behalf of the WFD entitled Final River Basin Management Plans Background Documentation, Alternative Objectives onrush to Extended Deadlines, its main purpose, to focus on certain cases that require an extension past the 2015 deadline (kind of defeats the purpose of the WFD if they are admitting defeat five years before the deadline). below section 4. 0 Agriculture of this report, one of the cases for exclusion is nitrate losses from agriculture to groundwaters. The dry land for this, Scientific data indicates status recovery extends beyond 2015. convalescence of elevated nitrate levels in groundwater bodies is expected to take place in approximately 20 years even with full implementation of the Good rustic Practice regulations (Fenton et al, in press). So yes, while it is known that the natural recovery of a water system takes substantial time, with technology today could the WFD not initiate in developing nitrate removal techniques such as, layered double hydroxides which are of interest because of the potential to use LDHs to remove agrochemicals from polluted water, reducing the likeliness of eutrophication (Wikipedia. org, Layered manifold Hydroxins. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/2012). Another case looked at in this report is wastewater discharges from some treatment plants.The reason for the exemption, a technical/practical constraint, it states The time required to plan and design upgrades to treatment plants and to achieve approvals and licensing means it is not technically possible to achieve good status in 2015, the action applied is to leave topical anesthetic Authorities to upgrade pla nts through the Water Services Investment Programme meaning that sustenance is one of the reasons that there will be a delay in the overhaul of wastewater treatment plants in Ireland. Unsurprisingly, according to the Department of the Environment, residential district and local anaesthetic Government website with the changed economic climate and the finalisation of the first cycle of River Basin Management Plans, the new programme aims to prioritise projects that marker environmental compliance issues (Department of Environment, lodge and Local Government, Water Services Investment Programme. online Available at http//www. environ. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterServices/WaterServicesInvestmentProgramme/ Accessed on 08/10/2012). This here shown lack of foremost by the Government and the WFD by not arrangeing in technology that can help recover Irish waters allows the development of this last argument. In a very recent position paper entitled Reform of the Water Sector in Irelan d carried out by the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government it was highlighted that water services cost over 1. 2 billion to run in 2010, of which operational costs amounted to some 715 million, with capital expenditure of over 500 million.The paper goes on to tell of the impending establishment of the state company Irish Water that will take over the water investment and maintenance programmes of the 34 county and city councils with the key aim of supervising and accelerating the pace of delivery of planned investments needed to upgrade the States water and sewerage networks (Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2012). This state company intends on supporting its investments and programmes via water charges paid for by Irish householders. Despite the fact that Ireland is in a recession and its people are struggling as it is financially, the fact remains that Ireland is the only country in the OECD that does not pay for its water use (De partment of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2012).It states, Our capability to fund the future capital investment requirements from the exchequer is severally constrained. The Governments plan for Infrastructure and Capital Investment 2012-16 shows a decline in exchequer capital investment in water and waste water services from 435 million in 2011 to 371 million in 2012 and a further decline to 296 million by 2014 (Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2012). This is one of the reasons why Irish Water is a good idea as it will actually fund the necessary wastewater treatment plant changes that need to be done in order to tackle some of Irelands water pollution issues while also effectively reducing the amount of treated potable water wasted everyday by Irish households.So to sum up, yes, introducing the WFD has had a demonstrable impact as it has lead to developments in implementations that will help to recover the quality of Irelands waters, howe ver the main argument being made in this paper is that they failed on several points. Firstly they spent too much time on the bureaucratic side of things, six years to be exact reckon out what the problems were and where, when a lot of them were obvious, had been known about and reported on several years previously and legion(predicate) had already been addressed. Secondly, a lot of POMs that were utilise were done so either to late or not aright, meaning that a lot of them have not lead to any significant supreme changes.Finally where the WFD failed was a lack of investment into developing technologies that might help accelerate the return of Irish waters to their natural state, and a huge time deceleration into implementing water charges so as to invest into Irelands infrastructure regarding wastewater treatment. Overall time here is what has been wasted, as for every day that no action is taken is another day when Irelands water and habitats suffer. Nature does not and can not wait for the pencil pushers. References 1. The Eu Water Framework Directive. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/12 2. Water Framework Directive, 2005.The Characterisation and Analysis of Irelands River Basin Districts, National Summary Report. Ireland 3. Environmental Protection Agency, M. McGarrigle et al. 2009. Water Quality in Ireland. Ireland 4. South Western River Basin District, 2010 South Western River Basin Management Plan. Ireland 5. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993 Water Quality in Ireland. Ireland 6. Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, The Nitrates Directive. online Available at http//www. environ. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterQuality/NitratesDirective/ Accessed on 08/10/12). 7. Environmental Protection Agency, D. Taylor et al. 2012 Water Quality and the Aquatic Environment STRIVE Report 91. Ireland 8.Lag Time A Methodology For The Estimation Of Vertical, Horizontal Travel & Flushing Timescales To Nitrate Threshold Concentrations In Iris h Aquifers Fenton et al under review 9. Wikipedia. org, Layered epitome Hydroxins. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/2012. 10. Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, Water Services Investment Programme. online Available at http//www. environ. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterServices/WaterServicesInvestmentProgramme/ Accessed on 08/10/2012). 11. Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2012 Reform of the Water Sector in Ireland. IrelandThe Impact of the Current Regulatory Framework on Water Quality in IrelandLecturer Aisling OGorman Waste Process Management Lecturer Aisling OGorman Waste Process Management 08 Fall 08 Fall Submission Date 11/10/2012 Word Count 2387 Submission Date 11/10/2012 Word Count 2387 The Impact of the Current Regulatory Framework on Water Quality in Ireland Maria McShaneThe Impact of the Current Regulatory Framework on Water Quality in Ireland Maria McShane Introduction Based on the evaluation of various reports, papers, documents, regulations and legislation from numerous agencies, departments, directives and bodies it can be seen that although on paper major changes have been made so as to improve the quality of water in Ireland, realistically the amendments do not match up.This being that progress has been slow and minimal when compared to the reform of regulations and legislation and the introduction of the Water Framework Directive. Considering the key importance of water as a natural resource both to society and habitats alike it will be argued that although the intention is there to improve the quality of water in Ireland (and there have been some improvements) as an overall, actual major physical improvements to the water quality has yet to be seen.Report Firstly the Water Framework Directive will be examined to highlight its purpose, current status and goals for the future and how it fits into impacting Irelands water quality. The WFD was set up by the EU in response to the increasing thre at of pollution and the increasing demand from the public for cleaner rivers, lakes and beaches (The Eu Water Framework Directive. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/12). According to the Water Framework Directives website, their aims are to protect/enhance all waters (surface, ground and coastal waters), achieve good status for all waters by December 2015, manage water bodies based on river basins (or catchments), involve the public and streamline legislation1 (The Eu Water Framework Directive. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/12).In order to achieve these goals a timetable for implementation of the directive was created, starting from its transposition into Irish lawmaking by the European Communities (Water Policy) Regulations 2003, (Statutory Instrument 722) on 22nd December 2003 (European Communities (Water Policy) Regulations 2003, (Statutory Instrument 722). (The Eu Water Framework Directive. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/12). From the 22nd December 2003 to th e 22nd June 2009 no Programmes of Measures were actually implemented in order to beneficially impact Irelands water quality by the WFD.Instead the WFD established (June 2004) and characterised (December 2004) Irelands River Basin Districts, submitted a National Summary Report on the characterisation of the RBDs to the European Commission (March 2005), developed classification systems for surface water and groundwater (June 2006), established and maintained appropriate supervise Programmes (June 2006), prepared and published a work programme and timetable for the production of River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) (June 2006), identified the significant water management issues in each river basin (June 2007), drafted RBMPs and allowed six months for written comment (June 2008), and finally established environmental objectives and final Programmes of Measures and developed RBMPs for implementation (June 2009), (Water Framework Directive, 2005). Although this research and reporting is a vital function of improving Irelands water quality, the timeframe in which this has been done means that physical progress has been hindered. The actual recovery progress made to Irelands water quality can be seen in various Environmental Protection Agency reports. According to the EPAs Water Quality in Ireland Report of 2007-2009, between 1987 and 1990, 77. 3, 12. 0, 9. 7 and 0. % surveyed river channel space were unpolluted, slightly polluted, moderately polluted and seriously polluted respectively. By the 2001-2003 report the percentage of unpolluted rivers had dropped from 77. 3% to 69. 3% which is significant, in addition to this the percentage surveyed of seriously polluted rivers had risen from 0. 4% to 0. 6%, slight and moderate pollution had also risen by 5. 9 and 2. 6 percent respectively. By the 2007-2009 report the percentage of surveyed river that remained unpolluted had dropped again to 68. 9%, slight pollution had also risen to 20. 7%. Fortunately moderate and serio usly polluted waters had seen a drop from 12. 3 and 0. 6 to 10. 0 and 0. 4 percent respectively (M. McGarrigle et al. 2009).Considering that the water quality of rivers for the 2001-2003 recording period was healthier than the 2007-2009 recording period, even though the 2001-2003 period coincides with the implementation of the WFD, highlights that for a period of six years that the WFD was in effect Irelands river water quality declined. This corroborates to the argument that yes the WFD has carried out reports, monitoring programs and drafted plans all headspring and good, but without any actual meaningful actions taken, what good is the WFD at all? This is not to say that the WFD has not done anything positive, for example since its introduction the percentage of channel surveyed classified as seriously polluted has decreased to 0. 4 percent compared with the previous period when 0. 5 percent was seriously polluted (M. McGarrigle et al. 2009).It cannot be disquieted enough that in order to improve the quality of water in Ireland research and reporting is fundamental, however the point being made is that pencil get-up-and-go and fiddling around writing reports and documents will not recuperate Irelands water systems. Six years is a very long timeframe for an EU commissioned directive to take no feasible action other than talk about and plan what its going to do and then expect to reach its target of returning all waters to good status by December 2015. To emphasise the case that without acting and merely focusing on the bureaucratic side of things the WFD has impeded its own progress, citings from the South Western River Basin Management Plan (2009-2015) report will be looked at.It states, municipal wastewater discharge is one of the two most important sources of pollution in Irish rivers, accounting for 38% of the number of polluted river sites recorded (the other source being agricultural activities) (South Western River Basin District 2010). This is not new news, this has been known for quite some time and the two top sectors responsible for the pollution of Irish rivers are municipal and agriculture has even been quoted in the 1991-1993 EPA water quality in Ireland report. To add to this the Nitrates Directive was set up in 1991 for the protection of waters against pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources (Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, The Nitrates Directive. online Available at http//www. nviron. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterQuality/NitratesDirective/ Accessed on 08/10/12). This directive actually implemented legislation that required the avoidance of practices by farmers which create a risk of causing pollution to water courses and provide for inspections by local authorities. They also provided for reinforced enforcement provisions and for better farmyard management. They included provisions relating to times of the year, weather and soil conditions when the application of fertilisers is per mitted, the minimum setback distances from water sources for the application of fertilisers and minimum storage capacity for manures. Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, The Nitrates Directive. online Available at http//www. environ. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterQuality/NitratesDirective/ Accessed on 08/10/12). Why then is the SWRBD reporting that agriculture is the second biggest cause of pollution to Irish rivers, number one when this has long been known and number two when measures have already been put in place a long time ago to address this problem? To add to this they also quoted The main objective in relation to wastewater is to meet the requirements of the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations (2001-2010) in full (South Western River Basin District 2010). Not to be crude, but are they for real?This is roughhewn sense, these regulations have been in place since 2001, and yes they would have been modified over the years but how in 2010 when this r eport came out can meeting these regulations still be just an objective? To highlight further the WFDs failure to have a significant positive impact on the quality of Irish water a recent EPA report on the assessment of aquatic ecosystem responses to POMs intended to improve water quality in Ireland was released. According to this report, results presented suggest that many existing POMs have proven or are proving ineffective in raising BWQ (biological water quality) and restoring ecological functioning (D. Taylor et al. 2012). An example of this can be seen in the strategic replacement of 10% of septic tank systems in part of the Blackwater catchment in CO. Armagh (D. Taylor et al. 2012).The report showed that overall, prior and subsequent to the replacement of the septic tank systems phosphorous loads remained largely the same. In conjunction with this result, in other parts of the Blackwater, the replacement and upgrading of septic tank systems had no significant phosphorous conc entration effects, patronage the implementation of additional POMs aimed at reducing phosphorous inputs from point and diffuse sources (D. Taylor et al. 2012). The report goes on to say that some of the potential reasons why the implementation of POMs have had limited success include the delayed, incomplete or uneven application of measures (D. Taylor et al. 2012).This only solidifies the argument that the WFD spent too much time thinking about what to do, and then what measures they did put in place, for the most part either took too long to do so or did not implement the measure properly in order to meet their 2015 deadline. Which follows now onto a report that was released in July 2010 on behalf of the WFD entitled Final River Basin Management Plans Background Documentation, Alternative Objectives speak to to Extended Deadlines, its main purpose, to focus on certain cases that require an extension past the 2015 deadline (kind of defeats the purpose of the WFD if they are admitti ng defeat five years before the deadline). infra section 4. 0 Agriculture of this report, one of the cases for exclusion is nitrate losses from agriculture to groundwaters. The reason for this, Scientific data indicates status recovery extends beyond 2015. retrieval of elevated nitrate levels in groundwater bodies is expected to take place in approximately 20 years even with full implementation of the Good rural Practice regulations (Fenton et al, in press). So yes, while it is known that the natural recovery of a water system takes substantial time, with technology today could the WFD not invest in developing nitrate removal techniques such as, layered double hydroxides which are of interest because of the potential to use LDHs to remove agrochemicals from polluted water, reducing the likelihood of eutrophication (Wikipedia. org, Layered Double Hydroxins. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/2012). Another case looked at in this report is wastewater discharges from some treatme nt plants.The reason for the exemption, a technical/practical constraint, it states The time required to plan and design upgrades to treatment plants and to achieve approvals and licensing means it is not technically possible to achieve good status in 2015, the action applied is to leave Local Authorities to upgrade plants through the Water Services Investment Programme meaning that funding is one of the reasons that there will be a delay in the overhaul of wastewater treatment plants in Ireland. Unsurprisingly, according to the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government website with the changed economic climate and the finalisation of the first cycle of River Basin Management Plans, the new programme aims to prioritise projects that target environmental compliance issues (Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, Water Services Investment Programme. online Available at http//www. environ. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterServices/WaterServicesInvestm entProgramme/ Accessed on 08/10/2012). This here shown lack of opening move by the Government and the WFD by not investing in technology that can help recover Irish waters allows the development of this last argument. In a very recent position paper entitled Reform of the Water Sector in Ireland carried out by the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government it was highlighted that water services cost over 1. 2 billion to run in 2010, of which operational costs amounted to some 715 million, with capital expenditure of over 500 million.The paper goes on to tell of the impending establishment of the state company Irish Water that will take over the water investment and maintenance programmes of the 34 county and city councils with the key aim of supervising and accelerating the pace of delivery of planned investments needed to upgrade the States water and sewerage networks (Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2012). This state company intends on funding its investments and programmes via water charges paid for by Irish householders. Despite the fact that Ireland is in a recession and its people are struggling as it is financially, the fact remains that Ireland is the only country in the OECD that does not pay for its water use (Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2012).It states, Our capacity to fund the future capital investment requirements from the exchequer is severally constrained. The Governments plan for Infrastructure and Capital Investment 2012-16 shows a decline in exchequer capital investment in water and waste water services from 435 million in 2011 to 371 million in 2012 and a further decline to 296 million by 2014 (Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2012). This is one of the reasons why Irish Water is a good idea as it will actually fund the necessary wastewater treatment plant changes that need to be done in order to tackle some of Irelands water pollution issue s while also effectively reducing the amount of treated potable water wasted everyday by Irish households.So to sum up, yes, introducing the WFD has had a positive impact as it has lead to developments in implementations that will help to recover the quality of Irelands waters, however the main argument being made in this paper is that they failed on several points. Firstly they spent too much time on the bureaucratic side of things, six years to be exact calculate out what the problems were and where, when a lot of them were obvious, had been known about and reported on several years previously and many had already been addressed. Secondly, a lot of POMs that were implemented were done so either to late or not properly, meaning that a lot of them have not lead to any significant positive changes.Finally where the WFD failed was a lack of investment into developing technologies that might help accelerate the return of Irish waters to their natural state, and a huge time tuck away into implementing water charges so as to invest into Irelands infrastructure regarding wastewater treatment. Overall time here is what has been wasted, as for every day that no action is taken is another day when Irelands water and habitats suffer. Nature does not and can not wait for the pencil pushers. References 1. The Eu Water Framework Directive. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/12 2. Water Framework Directive, 2005.The Characterisation and Analysis of Irelands River Basin Districts, National Summary Report. Ireland 3. Environmental Protection Agency, M. McGarrigle et al. 2009. Water Quality in Ireland. Ireland 4. South Western River Basin District, 2010 South Western River Basin Management Plan. Ireland 5. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993 Water Quality in Ireland. Ireland 6. Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, The Nitrates Directive. online Available at http//www. environ. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterQuality/NitratesDirective/ Accessed on 08/1 0/12). 7. Environmental Protection Agency, D. Taylor et al. 2012 Water Quality and the Aquatic Environment STRIVE Report 91. Ireland 8.Lag Time A Methodology For The Estimation Of Vertical, Horizontal Travel & Flushing Timescales To Nitrate Threshold Concentrations In Irish Aquifers Fenton et al under review 9. Wikipedia. org, Layered Double Hydroxins. online Available at Accessed on 08/10/2012. 10. Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, Water Services Investment Programme. online Available at http//www. environ. ie/en/Environment/Water/WaterServices/WaterServicesInvestmentProgramme/ Accessed on 08/10/2012). 11. Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2012 Reform of the Water Sector in Ireland. Ireland

Opportunity to participate in SkillsUSA Essay

One of the benefits of attending a vocational exalted school is the opportunity to participate in SkillsUSA. Preparing for SkillsUSA was one of the most challenging and nerve rack experiences in my life. SkillsUSA is an organization of students and teachers working together to help its members become responsible, hard working, and dedicated young adults. At the beginning of my junior year in high school, my shop instructor approached me and told me just just about SkillsUSA, and also the events that pertained to information technology. It took me a few moments to realize that he was encouraging me to participate. I read through the information tract my teacher gave me and noticed that SkillsUSA was a lot bigger than I realized. SkillsUSA is not only about being skilled in the trade you are studying, it is about being an outstanding citizen, and giving back to your community in any way you stomach. The first thoughts that popped into my head were Am I ready for this?I chose to compete in the robotics and automation technology contest. I contract always been interested in robots and how they work. Until then, I had no experience working with robots so I was sincerely nervous, I did not have much confidence in myself. Not only did I have a few months to learn everything I can about robotics while keeping up with my schoolwork, and balancing my part-time job, but I also had to evaluate myself as a person. I was on the mesh and at the library every spare minute I had learning everything I could. I ordered kits off the Internet to practice working with robots so there were no surprises during the competition. It was hard work, but it paid off.Although I did not place at the competition, I did really well considering I started learning about robotics five months prior to the competition and I was competing against students who had years of experience on the robotics team at their high school. Becoming a SkillsUSA member means you mustiness make a pledge to be prepared, to be diligent, to practice, work hard, to respect your trade, and have a good reputation with your peers, coworkers, parents, employers, and teachers. Making a pledge this meaning(a) demonstrates how committed I am to become a better citizen.I made the pledge to myself, even though I did not become an semiofficial SkillsUSA member. I found I have more confidence and take pride in everything I do whether it is taking a test, completing homework, or even dealing with difficult customers at my job. Setting these standards for myself is important to me. When I look back on my accomplishments I realize that I did not have to set my mind to put forth my best effort because what I use to think of as my best effort is now second nature. In those five months I feel like I have grown as person more than any other period in my life.

Congenital Adrenal Hyper Plasia Health And Social Care Essay

To, find the clinical notification of inborn suprarenal gland hyperplasia and to detect the short term receipt to hindrance.Design Case series retrospect.Topographic run AND DURATION OF STUDYThe survey extended over a period of one twelvemonth from July 2007 To July 2008 in Paediatric atom Chandka medical exam College Larkana.MATERIAL AND METHODSAll kids showing with cleansing desiccation, daze, loser to sound and equivocal venereal variety meat were examined and investigated exhaustively. The chief stay of the study was increase degree of serum 17OHP in kid with significative clinical characteristic.ConsequenceA sum of 30 kids were found to hold CAH during the survey period.The major clinical characteristics a intro were purging 8 ( 26.7 % ) , equivocal genital organs 7 ( 23.3 % ) nauseant and failure to boom 1 ( 3.3 % ) . All the patients were followed up after trigger of intervention and response was notice.DecisionThe survey highlights the importance of publi c clinical emblems like, purging being the presenting characteristics of CAH and the effectivity of the replacing therapy in bettering flavour endangering exigencies due to this status.Cardinal WORDSCongenitaladrenalhyperphase ( CAH ) ,17 hydroxyprogesterone ( 17 OHP ) , cytochrome P 450 protein ( CYP ) .correspondence toDr. Shanti Lal, Assistant Professor Pediatricss*Dr. Abdul Ghani Shaikh Assistant Professor Surgery** Dr. Amanullah Abassi Assistant Professor urogenital medicineChandka Medical College, Larkanadr.shantilal yahoo.comIntroductionCAH is a familial dig characterized by a omit in the endocrine cortisol and aldosterone and an over production of the endocrine androgen, which is present at birth and affects sexual development. The upset is inherited as an autosomal recessive defect in congenital enzyme synthesis. As such there is history of untimely neonatal decease in the household. The clinical manifestations of the disease relate to the grade of hydrocortisone ove rleap, aldosterone lack, or lack of both and, in some instances, to the accretion of precursor adrenocortical endocrines. These precursors cause abnormalcies such as virilisation or high blood pressure when nowadays in supraphysiologic concentration many of the enzymes involved in hydrocortisone and aldosterone syntheses atomic number 18 cytochrome p450 proteins designated CYP. CYP21 refers to 21-hydroxylase, CYP11B1 refers to 11-beta-hydroxylase, and CYP17 refers to 17-alpha-hydroxylase. Excess adrenal androgen production begins in untimely foetal life in authoritative CAH-21 affected babies, and causes unnatural growing of misss button and masculinisation of the genital-urinary constructions. Badly affected misss may be mistaken for manly childs at birth. Affected male childs have no venereal deformities at birth, but continued androgen extra causes remarkably fast organic structure growing. Inappropriately former(a) pubescence leads to premature completion of growing and sh ort concluding grownup height 1- 3 . stark signifiers of inborn adrenal hyperplasia be potenti everyy fatal if unrecognised and untreated because of the terrible hydrocortisone and aldosterone lacks that entrust in coarseness cachexia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, desiccation, and hypotension 1,6,7 . Females with some signifiers of adrenal hyperplasia ( i.e. , CYP21 lack, CYP11B1, partial 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase lack ) have equivocal genital organs at birth ( authoritative masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) or later become virilized in childhood ( uncomplicated masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) or in adolescence and maturity ( nonclassic masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) . manfuls with CYP21 lack are non by and large identify in the neonatal period because their genital organs are normal. If the defect is terrible, ensuing in salt cachexia, these male babies are markn at 1-4 hebdomads of age because of failure to boom, recurrent emesis, desiccation, and daz e. Some babies are ab initio misdiagnosed with bide flu or pyloric stricture 1,2,6 .Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia should raise the possibility of adrenal inadequacy. Two signifiers of adrenal hyperplasia ( i.e. , CYP11B1 lack, CYP17 lack ) consequence in high blood pressure 1,2,6,7 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia occur among people of all races. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia because all signifiers of inborn adrenal hyperplasia are autosomal recessionary upsets, both sexes are affected with pair frequence 1 . All kids including neonate who have purging and/or desiccating are diagnosed as acute stomach flu. This consequences in certain congenital mistakes of metamorphosis particularly CAH being overlooked, unsuitably treated and consequences in increasing preventable mortality earlier in life. The intent of survey is to puff our experience of placing CAH in fundaments of their launching and short term intervention.Patients AND METHODSThis crossectional survey was carried ou t in paediatric section of Chandka Medical College Larkana from July 2007 to July 2008. The chief purpose of the survey was to happen out the chief manners of presentation of CAH and to see the response of intervention on short term footing. A successful response to replacement therapy observe within a period of two to four was surcease of emesis, need for endovenous fluid therapy and failure to boom. All patients suspected to hold CAH i.e. with clinical characteristics and raised serum degrees of 170HP were included in the survey.A flesh out history ( purging, failure to boom, sibling decease ) followed by thorough physical scrutiny ( blood trace per unit area, hydration, misss for equivocal genital organs and male childs for precocious pubescence ) was carried out. Probes do included all over blood count, blood sugar, serum carbamide and electrolytes ( Na 130 150 mmol/l potassium 3.5 4.0 mmol/l ) , karyotyping and serum17OHP degrees ( Normal & A lt c ng/dl ) . Classica l salt blowing assortment have 17 OHP degrees & A gt 2000 mg/dl Classical virilizing & A gt 1000 ng/dl and nonclassical = 100 200 ng/dl. Karyotyping was done in patients with equivocal genital organs to set up the name of CAH in our survey. Classically they had to be female karyotype who was virilized 4 . Patients that had other grounds for equivocal genital organs and failure to boom like nephritic cannular defects etc were excluded from the survey. All probes were carried out in Pathology Department Chandka Medical College Larkana except 17 OHP and Karyotyping from Agha Khan University Laboratory.All patients were treated with replacing therapy including cortisol 50 mg/M2 stat followed by 1000 milligram / M2/ twenty-four hours 6 hourly, tapered to 20 milligrams / M2 /day. In salt losing assortment ab initio normal saline 20 milliliter / kilogram was repeated if necessary followed by florinated steroid ( fludrocortisone 0.15 milligram / M2 ) was given. The response to th e criterion paediatric pattern was studied.ConsequenceSum of 30 patients were diagnosed to hold CAH. The age scope of kids was from 4 to one hundred eighty yearss with a average age at the clip of presentation was 39.67 yearss. ( table-1 -fig-1 ) the sex distribution was about equal ( table-2-fig-2 ) . The chief clinical characteristics included emesis, equivocal genital organ, desiccation and failure to boom ( table-3 ) . Probes of all the patients showed raised degrees of 17OHP. Karyotyping was done in patients with equivocal genital organs.All instances diagnosed to hold CAH were put on replacing therapy. slight term response was observed after a period of 4 hebdomads. All instances showed positive response shortly after the induction of therapy.The patients who presented with failure to boom started deriving weight. As emesis was the major type at presentation, it responded good to intervention. Children showing with equivocal genital organs were put on replacing therapy and later on referred for surgical intervention i.e. clitoroplasty.DiscussionCAH is chiefly disease of early babyhood as the average age of presentation in our survey is 39 yearss. It is widely present all over the universe with equal male to female ratio 1,2 . The present survey besides shows the same consequence with average age of presentation being 39.67 yearss. However there is little male preponderance in our survey ( 56.7 % ) . Clinical characteristics observed in this survey are in conformance with other surveies.The frequent manners of presentation include purging, equivocal genital organ ( Fig-1 ) , daze and failure to boom 1,2 . Some patients presented merely one symptom and other with two or three marks and symptoms togetherTable-1 Outstanding characteristics of the 30 instances studied.Average age of presentation ( yearss )39.67Male female ratio1.51Major symptom/sign ( purging n equivocal genital organs10 ( 33.3 % )Positive Family history/Neonatal decease10 ( 33 % ) app roximate 1Equivocal Genitalia indefinite GenitaliaTable-2 Gender distribution.No of PatientsPercentagesFemale1343.3 %Male1756.7 %Table-3 Presenting characteristics of the instances.No of PatientsPercentages vomitive826.7 %Equivocal genital organs72.3 %Vomiting and equivocal genital organs1033.3 %Failure to boom13.3 %Daze413.3 %Figure 2Equivocal Genitalia Ambiguous GenitaliaTable-4 Treatment.No of PatientsPercentagesHydrocortisone723.3 %Hydrocortisone and fluodrocortisone2376.7 %Most of the kids in our survey presented with relentless purging since birth. This was ab initio thought of, because of enteric obstructor like pyloric stricture or simple nauseant of milk, which is much more common in immature babies. Vomiting, as the lone presenting characteristic makes the diagnosing gauzy hard but it is frequently associated with equivocal genital organs particularly in females i.e. clitoromegaly. Females are recognised because of equivocal genital organs, but males have normal genital organs and are non diagnosed until subsequently, frequently with a salt losing crisis 8 . Another of import clinical mark was failure to boom. It was present along with emesis and besides as the lone presenting characteristic. Salt also-rans besides presented in a province of daze. The criterion for diagnosing was raised degrees of 17OHP 4,5 . As the diagnostic installations are easy available, diagnosing at an early age with induction of intervention is practicable. 21 hydroxylase lacks ( CYP 21 ) is the most common signifier. Approximately 50 % of patients with authoritative inborn adrenal hyperplasia from CYP 21 lack have salt blowing due to inadequate aldosterone synthesis. One tierce of patients in our survey presented with grounds of salt blowing 8 . Bing an autosomal recessionary upset, there is 25 % opportunity that the status impart be found in the siblings of the patient. In our survey there was an increased incidence ( 33 % of the patients ) of upset in siblings of patients in our survey. Incidence in all the patients could non be found as some of the patients were the send-off issues of the parents. Even in those, in whom the upset was suspected, merely clinical diagnosing was thought of on the footing of early neonatal decease. However attempts should be made in set uping antenatal diagnosing possible as intrauterine Decadron during the first trimester helps in cut downing opportunities of equivocal genital organ. This is done via chorionic villus trying in first trimester at 8 hebdomads gestation 1-3 . Amniocentesis at 12 hebdomads can besides be done. As a antenatal direction step, Dexamethasone ( 10 20 ug /kg / twenty-four hours ) at diagnosing of gestation is started. Stopthe intervention in male childs and untouched misss. Affected misss in whom Decadron should be continued, maternal urinary estriol ( mark & A lt 375 ng/ deciliter ) are followed up 8,9 .DecisionFollowing points are drawn from our survey CAH is fundamentally a disease of early babyhood The usual presenting ailments are really common like purging, desiccation and failure to boom. Prompt intervention with replacing therapy can efficaciously abort a life endangering province.

How Do We Cultivate Interest in Reading Essay

How often have we heard other(a) good deal saying that they have no time for nurture material? This is a mere excuse. In actual words, they be implying that they have lost the urge to educate themselves by keeping abreast with the current trends of thought standardized science and technology.This trend can be seen in many young people today and non only do they come up with excuses that they have no time for education, quite a handful of them have absolutely no gratify in discipline. One must know that education does non end upon leaving school or university. Knowledge is infinite and to acquire knowledge is a unceasing process. What can be done to cultivate young peoples invade in reading?Firstly, p arnts can play their part in encouraging their children to read by setting an example. As approximately of the young people today are easily influenced by their environment, they bequeath be influenced by their parents interest in reading and leave behind pick up reading , helping nurture their interest in reading as a result. Parents can also bring their children to browse in the library or bookstore and allow them to browse on their own and select the books which genres are to their preference.By giving them the opportunity to tell apart their own books, they will be able to discover their area of interest in the different types of genres and will be keen to read more of the books of the specific genres they are interested in. This will enable them to start out an interest in reading.Secondly, schools can play their part in cultivating their students interest in reading by inviting a famous root to share her experiences of reading and makeup to the students. Through sharing her experiences of reading and writing to the students, they will be more motivated to read and find out more about the authors books.This will help them discover the joy and fun of reading and thus enabling them to have an interest in reading. Schools should also organiz e special activities for the students to promote a reading culture. For example, the students can be asked to read any book of their choice and then a day should be decided where they will discuss about the books they have read recently. This will not only grow reading interest among the young generation plainly also help them to improve their vocabulary and language.Lastly, the young people should be responsible in cultivating their interest in reading. If they have no idea on the specific books that they exigency to read or a specific genre that they are interested in, they should ask their friends or teachers for recommendations or consult a list of books other young people have enjoyed reading and try reading them. They should also make an effort to read during their leisure time and pick up reading as a hobby. This will not only enable them to develop an interest in reading but acquire valuable knowledge from the books they read.Reading links us from the past to the present. Different facets of our personality are linked together by books. Books serve as both milestones and sign-posts in our journey through life. They are the wardrobes of our thoughts and imagination, the talisman against boredom, pain, tragedies and frustration which assail us.In reading books, we are able to share the authors secrets and thoughts, his joy and happiness, his sorrow and distress. We form a bond of friendship more lasting than any other human relationship. Therefore, it is important that young people develop an interest in reading as reading is the greatest of all educators.

Ap World History Curriculum Framework Questions

1. In what way do we go steady the expansion of the baffling Empire (or the Muslim Caliphates) facilitating Trans-Eurasian change & communication? answer give examples of conquered people being drawn into their conquerors economies & calling networks) * Byzantine Empire use of the gold coin, the bezant, facilitated pile and communication by creating a standard notes by which all peoples could expect to trade with Balkan Slavic peoples came under Byzantine rule and was drawn into the trade network became trading partners with other towns that were smaller in size such as Florence of Italy, facilitating long-distance trade * Muslim Caliphates everywhere, there was a huge incentive to convert to Islam because of the massive trade arena that was created as a result of the religion in various countries, Islamic religion provided links for trading partners (such as in West Africa) when Islamic empire conquered India, innovative products were introduced (crops) which later spread into Africa and Uerope 2. What examples do you see of cross-cultural interactions resulting in the diffusion of scientific & technological traditions? Byzantine Empire when China finally opened its doors, more than Europeans such as Marco Polo visited there and absorbed many ideas about Chinese culture, writing about them and in conclusion bringing those ideas back to Europe * Muslim Caliphates Greek thinking (science and medical texts, as well as philosophy) contri provideded towards Arab scholarship, and its thinking about the natural sciences and philosophy 3. Following the collapse of empires (most notably Roman), the Byzantine Empire established a new govern custodyt. Give examples of the way that traditional sources of power & legitimacy combined with innovations in system to produce a govt better suited to its circumstances (ie patriarchy, religion, or land-owning elites combining with new methods of taxation, contributing(a) systems, or adaptation of religious insti tutions). Byzantine Empire it maintained a Roman style of centralised imperial court that was based in Constantinople it set up a caesaropapism where the emperor was both the base on balls of the state as well as the head of the church as appointed by idol maintained many social systems such as taxation and the church in the 11-13th centuries, there was a leap in urbanization and economic growth, which led to many new chances for women to leave their domestic lifestyles to explore more urban professions * Hesperian Europe the Roman Catholic Church was separate from the state the pontiff held religious authority while the emperor headed the state system of feudalism ensured loyalty in the chaos-ridden conception of that time * China centralized, individual cities landowners were given privileges by the government rather than merchants, as merchants were viewed as unavailing people who gained profit through the works of others 4. Do you see any examples of innovations in ag riculture or industrial production? ie foreign luxury goods & crops like sugar & citrus being gravid in new regions) * Byzantine Empire adopted various mathematical, scientific and philosophical theories of the Arabs and India adopted the engineering science from China papermaking, powder, as well as the compass and oft nautical technology heavy wheel around plow that was adapted to suit the environment could handle the thicker soil of Northern Europe relied on horses and use horseshoes probably from China or Central Asia system of three field crop whirling adopted silk making techniques and became one of the main producers of silk developed cannons as a result of the introduction of gunpowder * Muslim Caliphates new crops introduced in India which were spread around the empire such as cotton and sugar cane (two crops had a very complex production process, and in the rush to produce it, slavery quickly intensify adopted ancient Persian water-drilling techniques, rockets from China, and papermaking techniques all from China developed a series of math concepts such as algebra, scientific advances such as in medicine and pharmacology 5.What factors do you see that contributed to the descend of urban areas (possible answers little ice age, invasions, disease, decline of agricultural activity give examples of this) * western Christendom around 476, much that had characterized Roman civilization in like manner weakened, declined or disappeared in the several centuries before and after any simile of large-scale centralized rule vanished, disease and warfare reduced Western Europes creation by more than 25% land being cultivated shrunk, while wasteland expanded urban life diminished as Europe reverted to a largely rural existence buildings crumbled from lack of care, and outside Italy, trade routes died out * eastern Christendom decline in urbanization because of the threat of attack of outsiders slavs, arabs, latin crusaders and turks increasingly disrupted the empire through simple penetration or military conquests swelling of Constantinoples universe of discourse was not growth, but because many people chased from their region by Byzantiums enemies sought holiday resort in Constantinople 6. Do you see continuities & changes in social structures, labor management? (labor free peasant agriculture, fluid pastoralism, craft production, guild organization, unfree labor & govt enforced labor taxes, military obligations? * China reinforced a bureaucracy that managed public works Tang and Song dynasty experienced a revolution that do it the richest, most skilled and most populous country on earth industrial production soared in both small and large scale enterp comes, Chinas iron input add-ond dramatically produced things for the market rather than for local consumption growing use of paper money led to the increase in output, population, skills and led to a burst of inventiveness * Byzantine Empire agriculture production consistent around two centers estate and village distinctions between landholders and tenant farmers guilds of specified jobs introduced a new and more productive division of labor * Roman Empire coercive labor system (slavery) 7. Give examples of new forms of coerced labor. Give examples of free peasants resisting attempts to raise dues & taxes (ie revolts in Byzantine empire or China). Give examples of the increased train for slaves (for both military & domestic purposes) within Central Eurasia, & Eastern Mediterranean. within the new, fragmented and decentralized kingdoms of the Western Christendom, a social system known as feudalism emerged lesser lords and knights swore allegiance to greater lords or kings Roman style slavery gave way to serfdom unlike slaves, serfs were not the personal property of their masters, couldnt be thrown off land and were allowed to live in families, but they were bound to their masters estates as peasant laborers and owed various payments and s ervices to the lord of the manor * Byzantine Empire highly regulate slavery natural state of humanity is freedom, but police force of nations may supersede natural law and reduce certain people to slavery basic definition of a slave was anyone whose mother was a slave, anyone who has captured in battle, and anyone who has sold himself to pay a debt, but it was possible to become free * Abbasid Empire had an phalanx dominated by slave soldiers mamluks originally soldiers captures in central Asia, but later boys specifically interpreted or bought to be trained as soldiers later dissolved their loyalty to their masters and established themselves as the ruling dynasty * Islamic slaves directed at the service sector concubines, cooks, porters and soldiers form of consumption rather than a factor of production many more female than male slaves 8. In what ways do we see gender relations and family life being affected by religious conversion? may not be many examples in Europe, b ut several in other areas weve already studied) * Song dynasty, reviving Confucianism tightened patriarchal restriction on women to emphasize images of female submission and passivity emphasized the subordination of women and men and the need to keep them separate * Spread of Christianity opened new opportunities for women to become nuns/join a convent, offered relational freedom from male mesh where women could exercise authority and gain some semblance of education * What rise of Islam meant for women is highly controversial on a spiritual level, the Quran states explicitly that women and men are equals, but on a social level, they were viewed as subordinate, especially in marriage sometimes it helped women banned infanticide, gave women control over property/inheritance, required a womens consent for marriage etc. , but also diminished their social roles as there were growing restrictions on women